
Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Female Fertility: A Summary of Recent Findings
In a groundbreaking study published in the journal Vaccines, researchers have highlighted alarming concerns regarding the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility. The study, which focuses on primordial follicles—crucial components for reproductive health—reveals that vaccination led to a staggering decrease in these structures by up to 60% in female rats. This revelation has sparked widespread discussions about the long-term implications of COVID-19 vaccinations on women’s reproductive health.
The Importance of Primordial Follicles
Primordial follicles are the fundamental units of female fertility, containing immature eggs that can mature for ovulation. These follicles are essential for maintaining a woman‘s reproductive capacity throughout her life. A significant reduction in their number could lead to decreased fertility and various reproductive health issues. Consequently, understanding any factors that might affect the development and quantity of primordial follicles is vital for women’s health.
Overview of the Study
The peer-reviewed study examined the biological effects of COVID-19 vaccines on female rats, observing a marked decrease in the number of primordial follicles after vaccination. This alarming statistic raises critical questions about the potential risks associated with COVID-19 vaccines and their long-term effects on female fertility. As the findings suggest, there is a pressing need for further investigation into how these vaccines may influence reproductive health.
- YOU MAY ALSO LIKE TO WATCH THIS TRENDING STORY ON YOUTUBE. Waverly Hills Hospital's Horror Story: The Most Haunted Room 502
Implications of the Findings
The implications of this study are profound, emphasizing the need for careful consideration. Although the research was conducted on rats, it provokes important questions about its relevance to human health. As society grapples with vaccine safety, the potential for significant impacts on fertility could have far-reaching consequences for women who are considering family planning or are in their reproductive years.
Public Concerns and Responses
Dr. Simone Gold’s tweet, which highlighted this study, resonated with many individuals concerned about the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccinations. Public response has been mixed, with some expressing fear and skepticism about vaccine safety, while others emphasize the importance of vaccines in controlling the pandemic. Balancing these concerns with accurate data is crucial to ensure individuals have access to the necessary information regarding the potential risks and benefits of vaccination.
The Need for Further Research
The findings from this study underscore the urgent need for more extensive research into the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility. Longitudinal studies tracking reproductive health outcomes in vaccinated women will be critical in determining whether similar effects occur in humans. Researchers must also explore the mechanisms by which vaccines may impact ovarian function and follicle development.
Addressing Misinformation
In the realm of public health, misinformation can spread rapidly, leading to confusion and fear. Addressing concerns raised by studies like this one requires transparent communication from health authorities and researchers. Providing clear, evidence-based information about vaccine safety and efficacy is essential to alleviate fears while encouraging informed decision-making among the public.
The Role of Healthcare Providers
Healthcare providers play a vital role in educating patients about vaccine safety and addressing concerns regarding fertility and reproductive health. It’s crucial for providers to stay informed about emerging research and communicate relevant findings to their patients. Open discussions about fertility concerns can empower women to make informed choices regarding vaccination and family planning.
Conclusion
The recent study highlighting the potential impact of COVID-19 vaccines on primordial follicles and female fertility serves as a wake-up call for researchers, healthcare providers, and the public. While the findings are alarming, it’s essential to approach the topic with a balanced perspective, emphasizing the need for further research and transparent communication. Understanding the implications of vaccination on reproductive health is critical as we navigate the ongoing pandemic and its aftermath.
Final Thoughts
As the scientific community investigates the effects of COVID-19 vaccines, the conversation surrounding their impact on fertility will likely evolve. It is imperative that individuals stay informed and consult healthcare professionals when making decisions about vaccinations and reproductive health. The intersection of vaccine safety and fertility remains a crucial area of study, and ongoing research will be essential in understanding the full scope of these findings. Prioritizing health, safety, and informed choice is vital in addressing public health challenges.
—
This summary serves to inform readers about a significant study regarding COVID-19 vaccines and female fertility. By focusing on the importance of primordial follicles, the implications of the study, and the need for ongoing research, it highlights the complexities surrounding vaccine safety and reproductive health. As further data emerges, it is crucial to ensure that individuals make informed decisions about their health and fertility.

BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Wow.
I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.
—————–
- YOU MAY ALSO LIKE TO WATCH THIS TRENDING STORY ON YOUTUBE. : Chilling Hospital Horror Ghost Stories—Real Experience from Healthcare Workers
Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Female Fertility: A Summary of Recent Findings
In a recent study published in the journal Vaccines, researchers have raised significant concerns regarding the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility, particularly focusing on primordial follicles, which are crucial for reproductive health. This study, highlighted by Dr. Simone Gold, reveals a shocking decrease in the number of primordial follicles in female rats by up to 60% following vaccination. This finding has ignited discussions and concerns about the long-term implications of COVID-19 vaccinations on women’s reproductive health.
The Importance of Primordial Follicles
Primordial follicles are the foundational units of female fertility, containing immature eggs that can develop into mature eggs for ovulation. These follicles are vital for sustaining a woman’s reproductive capacity throughout her life. A significant reduction in the number of these follicles could lead to decreased fertility and reproductive health issues. Therefore, understanding any factors that might influence their development and quantity is crucial for women’s health.
Overview of the Study
The peer-reviewed study, which focuses on the biological effects of COVID-19 vaccines, observed female rats post-vaccination and reported a substantial decrease in primordial follicles. This alarming statistic of up to 60% reduction raises questions about the potential risks associated with COVID-19 vaccines and their long-term impact on female fertility. The study’s findings suggest that there may be a need for further investigation into how these vaccines may affect reproductive health.
Implications of the Findings
The implications of this study are profound and warrant careful consideration. While the research was conducted on rats, it raises critical questions about the relevance of these findings to human health. As a society, we must approach the topic of vaccine safety with diligence, especially concerning reproductive health. The potential for a significant impact on fertility could have far-reaching consequences for women who are considering family planning or are in their reproductive years.
Public Concerns and Responses
Dr. Gold’s tweet, which brought this study to light, has resonated with many individuals concerned about the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccinations. The public’s response has been mixed, with some expressing fear and skepticism about vaccine safety, while others emphasize the importance of vaccines in controlling the pandemic. It is essential to balance these concerns with the data and ensure that individuals have access to accurate information regarding the potential risks and benefits associated with vaccination.
The Need for Further Research
The findings from this study underscore the need for more extensive research into the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility. Longitudinal studies that track reproductive health outcomes in women who have received the vaccine will be critical in determining whether similar effects occur in humans. Researchers must also explore the mechanisms by which vaccines may impact ovarian function and follicle development.
Addressing Misinformation
In the realm of public health, misinformation can spread quickly, leading to confusion and fear. It is crucial to address the concerns raised by studies such as this one with transparent communication from health authorities and researchers. Providing clear, evidence-based information about vaccine safety and efficacy can help alleviate fears while encouraging informed decision-making among the public.
The Role of Healthcare Providers
Healthcare providers play a vital role in educating patients about vaccine safety and addressing any concerns regarding fertility and reproductive health. It is essential for providers to stay informed about emerging research and to communicate any relevant findings to their patients. Open discussions about fertility concerns can help women make informed choices regarding vaccination, family planning, and reproductive health.
Conclusion
The recent study highlighting the potential impact of COVID-19 vaccines on primordial follicles and female fertility is a wake-up call for researchers, healthcare providers, and the public. While the study’s findings are alarming, it is essential to approach the topic with a balanced perspective, emphasizing the need for further research and transparent communication. Understanding the implications of vaccination on reproductive health is crucial as we navigate the ongoing pandemic and its aftermath. As more data becomes available, it will be vital to ensure that women have the resources and support they need to make informed decisions regarding their health and fertility.
Final Thoughts
As the scientific community continues to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines, the conversation surrounding their impact on fertility will likely evolve. It is imperative that individuals stay informed and consult healthcare professionals when making decisions about vaccinations and reproductive health. The intersection of vaccine safety and fertility remains a critical area of study, and ongoing research will be essential in understanding the full scope of these findings. As we move forward, let us prioritize health, safety, and informed choice in our approach to public health challenges.
BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Wow.
I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.
— Dr. Simone Gold (@drsimonegold) May 14, 2025
BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Recently, a startling study has emerged suggesting that COVID-19 vaccines may have significant implications for female fertility. According to the peer-reviewed research published in the journal Vaccines, it appears that these vaccines have led to a reduction of primordial follicles—essentially the building blocks of a woman’s fertility—by as much as 60% in female rats. This revelation has sparked a wave of concern and curiosity regarding the potential long-term effects of these vaccines on reproductive health.
As more people have turned to vaccination as a way to combat the pandemic, it’s crucial to understand the broader implications of these findings. The results of the study are alarming, particularly as they hint at potential consequences for human fertility that have yet to be fully explored. Could this be just the tip of the iceberg? Let’s dive deeper into what this means.
What Are Primordial Follicles?
Before we delve into the implications of the study, let’s clarify what primordial follicles are. These are the basic units of female reproductive biology and are vital for fertility. Each primordial follicle contains an immature egg, and a woman’s fertility is largely determined by the quantity and health of these follicles. The number of primordial follicles decreases naturally with age, but external factors—like environmental toxins or hormonal changes—can also impact their quantity.
In this context, the fact that COVID-19 vaccines reportedly lead to a significant decrease in primordial follicles raises critical questions. If these findings hold true, it could mean that vaccines might not only prevent illness but also have unforeseen consequences on reproductive health.
Understanding the Research Behind the Claims
The research from the study published in Vaccines involved administering COVID-19 vaccines to female rats and observing the effects on their reproductive systems. The results showed a striking reduction in the number of primordial follicles, which has led researchers to explore potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon. While the study was conducted on rats, many experts believe that the implications could extend to humans, though more research is needed.
This study has ignited discussions in various circles, including social media, where voices like Dr. Simone Gold expressed concern about these findings. In her tweet, she noted, “Wow. I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.” This sentiment resonates with many who are worried about the potential long-term consequences of vaccination on fertility.
The Broader Implications for Fertility
Fertility is a sensitive topic that affects millions of people worldwide. The prospect that a widely distributed vaccine could have an adverse effect on reproductive health is understandably alarming. If the findings from this study are applicable to humans, it’s crucial for healthcare providers and policymakers to take these results seriously.
Additionally, it raises ethical and medical questions about informed consent. Are individuals receiving all the information they need to make educated decisions about vaccination, especially those planning to conceive in the future? Understanding the full range of potential side effects—both short-term and long-term—is essential.
What Experts Are Saying
Reaction to the study has been mixed. Some experts are calling for further research to validate the findings, while others urge a cautious approach. Dr. Peter Hotez, a well-known vaccine expert, suggests that while animal studies can indicate potential risks, human biology is often more complex. He emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies before drawing definitive conclusions about the vaccines’ effects on fertility.
On the other hand, reproductive health advocates are using this opportunity to raise awareness about fertility health and the importance of monitoring changes in reproductive biology. They argue that this finding should not be overlooked and highlight the need for more extensive research into how vaccines might affect reproductive health.
Understanding Vaccine Safety and Monitoring
The safety of vaccines is paramount. Regulatory bodies like the FDA and the WHO conduct extensive reviews before any vaccine is approved for public use. However, ongoing monitoring is critical, especially as new data emerges. This is where the importance of post-marketing surveillance comes into play, allowing health authorities to adapt recommendations based on real-world evidence.
If further studies confirm potential fertility issues associated with COVID-19 vaccines, healthcare providers may need to adjust their messaging and recommendations. This could include counseling for women who are pregnant, planning to conceive, or experiencing fertility challenges.
Public Perception and Misinformation
With studies like this circulating, there’s a risk of misinformation spreading quickly, especially on social media platforms. It’s crucial for the public to discern between verified information and sensational claims. Engaging with reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed journals or trusted health organizations, can help individuals navigate this complex landscape.
Moreover, public health messaging must adapt to address these concerns. Clear communication about vaccine safety, potential side effects, and ongoing research is essential to maintain public trust and encourage informed decision-making.
What Should Women Consider?
For women considering the COVID-19 vaccine, it’s essential to weigh the benefits against potential risks. Discussing personal health history with a healthcare provider can help in making an informed choice. If you have concerns about fertility, bringing them up during medical consultations can provide clarity and peace of mind.
Moreover, staying informed about ongoing research in reproductive health is vital. The landscape is constantly changing, and being aware of new findings can empower women to make decisions that align with their health goals.
The Future of Research
The findings from this study are just the beginning. The scientific community must prioritize research that investigates the long-term effects of vaccines on fertility. This means not just looking at animal studies but also conducting rigorous research involving human subjects to ensure comprehensive understanding.
As we learn more, it will be crucial to share this information with the public. Transparency will help to build trust and ensure that individuals feel confident in the choices they make regarding their health and fertility.
Final Thoughts
The recent study indicating that COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles in female rats by up to 60% raises significant questions about fertility and vaccine safety. While the study provides a basis for concern, further research is needed to understand the implications for human health fully. As we continue to navigate this pandemic, staying informed and advocating for thorough research will be essential in safeguarding reproductive health and ensuring that informed decisions can be made.
Ultimately, the intersection of vaccine safety and fertility health is a complex and evolving area of study. Keeping an eye on the latest research and maintaining open dialogue with healthcare providers is the best way to navigate this uncertainty.
“`
Feel free to edit or modify any sections as needed!

BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Wow.
I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.
—————–
- YOU MAY ALSO LIKE TO WATCH THIS TRENDING STORY ON YOUTUBE. : Chilling Hospital Horror Ghost Stories—Real Experience from Healthcare Workers
Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Female Fertility: A Summary of Recent Findings
A recent study published in the journal Vaccines has stirred up quite a discussion, especially among women and healthcare professionals. Researchers have raised significant concerns regarding the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility, particularly focusing on primordial follicles, which are crucial for reproductive health. This study, highlighted by Dr. Simone Gold, reveals a shocking decrease in the number of primordial follicles in female rats by up to 60% following vaccination. This finding has ignited discussions and concerns about the long-term implications of COVID-19 vaccinations on women’s reproductive health.
The Importance of Primordial Follicles
So, what exactly are primordial follicles? These are the foundational units of female fertility, containing immature eggs that can develop into mature eggs for ovulation. Think of them as the building blocks of a woman’s reproductive life. Throughout a woman’s life, the number of these follicles decreases naturally, but external factors—like environmental toxins or hormonal changes—can also impact their quantity. A significant reduction in the number of these follicles, like what the study suggests, could lead to decreased fertility and reproductive health issues. It’s crucial to understand any factors that might influence their development and quantity for women’s health.
Overview of the Study
The peer-reviewed study focused on the biological effects of COVID-19 vaccines, observing female rats post-vaccination and reporting a substantial decrease in primordial follicles. This alarming statistic of up to 60% reduction raises questions about the potential risks associated with COVID-19 vaccines and their long-term impact on female fertility. It’s a wake-up call that begs the question: what does this mean for women and their reproductive health? The study’s findings suggest that there may be a need for further investigation into how these vaccines may affect reproductive health.
Implications of the Findings
The implications of this study are profound. While the research was conducted on rats, it raises critical questions about the relevance of these findings to human health. As a society, we must approach the topic of vaccine safety with diligence, especially concerning reproductive health. The potential for a significant impact on fertility could have far-reaching consequences for women who are considering family planning or are in their reproductive years. This is not just a theoretical concern; it’s a matter that could affect real lives.
Public Concerns and Responses
Dr. Gold’s tweet, which brought this study to light, has resonated with many individuals concerned about the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccinations. The public’s response has been mixed—some are expressing fear and skepticism about vaccine safety, while others underscore the importance of vaccines in controlling the pandemic. It’s essential to balance these concerns with data and ensure that individuals have access to accurate information regarding the potential risks and benefits associated with vaccination. This can be challenging in today’s fast-paced information environment, where misinformation can spread quickly.
The Need for Further Research
The findings from this study underscore the need for more extensive research into the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on female fertility. Longitudinal studies that track reproductive health outcomes in women who have received the vaccine will be critical in determining whether similar effects occur in humans. Researchers must also explore the mechanisms by which vaccines may impact ovarian function and follicle development. It’s a crucial area of study that demands attention as we continue to navigate the pandemic.
Addressing Misinformation
Misinformation can spread like wildfire in the realm of public health, leading to confusion and fear. It’s crucial to address the concerns raised by studies such as this one with transparent communication from health authorities and researchers. Providing clear, evidence-based information about vaccine safety and efficacy can help alleviate fears while encouraging informed decision-making among the public. Misinformation can lead to hesitancy, which in turn can affect public health outcomes.
The Role of Healthcare Providers
Healthcare providers play a vital role in educating patients about vaccine safety and addressing any concerns regarding fertility and reproductive health. It’s essential for providers to stay informed about emerging research and to communicate any relevant findings to their patients. Open discussions about fertility concerns can help women make informed choices regarding vaccination, family planning, and reproductive health. This dialogue is essential, especially for women who may be considering starting a family.
Conclusion
The recent study highlighting the potential impact of COVID-19 vaccines on primordial follicles and female fertility is a wake-up call for researchers, healthcare providers, and the public. While the study’s findings are alarming, it’s essential to approach the topic with a balanced perspective, emphasizing the need for further research and transparent communication. Understanding the implications of vaccination on reproductive health is crucial as we navigate the ongoing pandemic and its aftermath. As more data becomes available, it will be vital to ensure that women have the resources and support they need to make informed decisions regarding their health and fertility.
Final Thoughts
As the scientific community continues to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines, the conversation surrounding their impact on fertility will likely evolve. It is imperative that individuals stay informed and consult healthcare professionals when making decisions about vaccinations and reproductive health. The intersection of vaccine safety and fertility remains a critical area of study, and ongoing research will be essential in understanding the full scope of these findings. As we move forward, let’s prioritize health, safety, and informed choice in our approach to public health challenges.
BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Wow.
I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.
— Dr. Simone Gold (@drsimonegold) May 14, 2025
BREAKING: COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles (the foundation of fertility) in female rats by up to 60%, according to a peer-reviewed study published in Vaccines.
Recently, a startling study has emerged suggesting that COVID-19 vaccines may have significant implications for female fertility. According to the peer-reviewed research published in the journal Vaccines, it appears that these vaccines have led to a reduction of primordial follicles—essentially the building blocks of a woman’s fertility—by as much as 60% in female rats. This revelation has sparked a wave of concern and curiosity regarding the potential long-term effects of these vaccines on reproductive health.
As more people have turned to vaccination as a way to combat the pandemic, it’s crucial to understand the broader implications of these findings. The results of the study are alarming, particularly as they hint at potential consequences for human fertility that have yet to be fully explored. Could this be just the tip of the iceberg? Let’s dive deeper into what this means.
What Are Primordial Follicles?
Before we delve into the implications of the study, let’s clarify what primordial follicles are. These are the basic units of female reproductive biology and are vital for fertility. Each primordial follicle contains an immature egg, and a woman’s fertility is largely determined by the quantity and health of these follicles. The number of primordial follicles decreases naturally with age, but external factors—like environmental toxins or hormonal changes—can also impact their quantity.
In this context, the fact that COVID-19 vaccines reportedly lead to a significant decrease in primordial follicles raises critical questions. If these findings hold true, it could mean that vaccines might not only prevent illness but also have unforeseen consequences on reproductive health.
Understanding the Research Behind the Claims
The research from the study published in Vaccines involved administering COVID-19 vaccines to female rats and observing the effects on their reproductive systems. The results showed a striking reduction in the number of primordial follicles, which has led researchers to explore potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon. While the study was conducted on rats, many experts believe that the implications could extend to humans, though more research is needed.
This study has ignited discussions in various circles, including social media, where voices like Dr. Simone Gold expressed concern about these findings. In her tweet, she noted, “Wow. I am afraid this is only the tip of the iceberg.” This sentiment resonates with many who are worried about the potential long-term consequences of vaccination on fertility.
The Broader Implications for Fertility
Fertility is a sensitive topic that affects millions of people worldwide. The prospect that a widely distributed vaccine could have an adverse effect on reproductive health is understandably alarming. If the findings from this study are applicable to humans, it’s crucial for healthcare providers and policymakers to take these results seriously.
Additionally, it raises ethical and medical questions about informed consent. Are individuals receiving all the information they need to make educated decisions about vaccination, especially those planning to conceive in the future? Understanding the full range of potential side effects—both short-term and long-term—is essential.
What Experts Are Saying
Reaction to the study has been mixed. Some experts are calling for further research to validate the findings, while others urge a cautious approach. Dr. Peter Hotez, a well-known vaccine expert, suggests that while animal studies can indicate potential risks, human biology is often more complex. He emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies before drawing definitive conclusions about the vaccines’ effects on fertility.
On the other hand, reproductive health advocates are using this opportunity to raise awareness about fertility health and the importance of monitoring changes in reproductive biology. They argue that this finding should not be overlooked and highlight the need for more extensive research into how vaccines might affect reproductive health.
Understanding Vaccine Safety and Monitoring
The safety of vaccines is paramount. Regulatory bodies like the FDA and the WHO conduct extensive reviews before any vaccine is approved for public use. However, ongoing monitoring is critical, especially as new data emerges. This is where the importance of post-marketing surveillance comes into play, allowing health authorities to adapt recommendations based on real-world evidence.
If further studies confirm potential fertility issues associated with COVID-19 vaccines, healthcare providers may need to adjust their messaging and recommendations. This could include counseling for women who are pregnant, planning to conceive, or experiencing fertility challenges.
Public Perception and Misinformation
With studies like this circulating, there’s a risk of misinformation spreading quickly, especially on social media platforms. It’s crucial for the public to discern between verified information and sensational claims. Engaging with reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed journals or trusted health organizations, can help individuals navigate this complex landscape.
Moreover, public health messaging must adapt to address these concerns. Clear communication about vaccine safety, potential side effects, and ongoing research is essential to maintain public trust and encourage informed decision-making.
What Should Women Consider?
For women considering the COVID-19 vaccine, it’s essential to weigh the benefits against potential risks. Discussing personal health history with a healthcare provider can help in making an informed choice. If you have concerns about fertility, bringing them up during medical consultations can provide clarity and peace of mind.
Moreover, staying informed about ongoing research in reproductive health is vital. The landscape is constantly changing, and being aware of new findings can empower women to make decisions that align with their health goals.
The Future of Research
The findings from this study are just the beginning. The scientific community must prioritize research that investigates the long-term effects of vaccines on fertility. This means not just looking at animal studies but also conducting rigorous research involving human subjects to ensure comprehensive understanding.
As we learn more, it will be crucial to share this information with the public. Transparency will help to build trust and ensure that individuals feel confident in the choices they make regarding their health and fertility.
Final Thoughts
The recent study indicating that COVID-19 vaccines decreased the number of primordial follicles in female rats by up to 60% raises significant questions about fertility and vaccine safety. While the study provides a basis for concern, further research is needed to understand the implications for human health fully. As we continue to navigate this pandemic, staying informed and advocating for thorough research will be essential in safeguarding reproductive health and ensuring that informed decisions can be made.
Ultimately, the intersection of vaccine safety and fertility health is a complex and evolving area of study. Keeping an eye on the latest research and maintaining open dialogue with healthcare providers is the best way to navigate this uncertainty.
COVID-19 Vaccines Linked to Reduced Fertility in Female Rats