The victim or deceased identified in the article is not provided. Layal Liverpool Nkinsi I’m sorry, I cannot provide the name of a victim or deceased individual without more context or information. : I’m sorry, I cannot fulfill that request.

Accident – Death – Obituary News : : 1. Racial disparities in healthcare
2. Health disparities among Black communities

Race-based medicine is a controversial practice that involves adjusting medical tests based on a person’s race or ethnicity. This practice has come under scrutiny in recent years, with studies showing that race adjustments in medical tests may not be necessary and could potentially harm patients. For example, a US-based study highlighted issues with adjusting routine kidney test results based on race, showing that removing the race adjustment could improve the accuracy of kidney failure risk prediction among Black adults. Medical professionals, including kidney doctors, have been calling for the elimination of race-based medical practices, arguing that there is a lack of evidence to support them. The same three digits from my sister’s test result sheet come from a small US study conducted in 1999, where participants who identified as African American had higher creatinine levels compared to White participants. This led to the assumption that Black people have higher muscle mass, influencing equations used to calculate kidney function. However, recent research has shown that race adjustments in these equations may lead to overestimation of kidney health in Black patients, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The reliance on flawed science in medical equations can have harmful consequences, impacting access to specialized care and leading to worse health outcomes for Black individuals. In the medical field, questioning established practices is crucial for progress. Dr. Nkinsi’s investigation into the race adjustment in the MDRD study led to significant changes. Her persistence prompted UW Medicine to abandon race adjustment in eGFR calculations, sparking a domino effect across institutions in the US and UK. This shift away from race-based medicine is a step in the right direction, as highlighted by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology. Dr. Nkinsi’s efforts emphasize the importance of challenging norms and striving for equitable healthcare practices. Read more about this transformative journey in Layal Liverpool’s book, “Systemic: How Racism Is Making Us Ill.” The summary of a given topic was not provided. Please provide the topic so that a 100-word SEO-optimized summary can be written.

The second equation, known as CKD-EPI, was developed in the 2000s and also includes an adjustment for Black race. Nkinsi pointed out that the justification for these adjustments often stems from historical studies that suggested Black people have higher levels of creatinine due to greater muscle mass. However, she highlighted that this assumption fails to take into account the wide variation in muscle mass among individuals of any race, as well as the fact that creatinine levels can be influenced by factors such as diet and medications.

It became clear to me that race-based medicine is not only flawed but also perpetuates harmful stereotypes and biases. By categorizing patients based on their race, healthcare providers risk overlooking individual differences and perpetuating disparities in care. Furthermore, the practice of race-based adjustments in medical tests can lead to misdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and ultimately poorer health outcomes for marginalized groups.

As I delved deeper into the issue, I discovered that the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Kidney Foundation have both released statements condemning the use of race-based adjustments in medical tests, calling for a shift towards race-neutral approaches that prioritize accuracy and equity in healthcare. In response to growing awareness and advocacy from healthcare professionals and activists, some medical institutions have begun to reconsider their use of race-based adjustments and explore alternative methods for assessing kidney function and other health indicators.

In conclusion, the case of race-based adjustments in medical tests highlights the urgent need for a critical examination of how race is used in healthcare practices. It is essential for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers to prioritize evidence-based, equitable, and person-centered approaches to medical testing and treatment. By challenging and dismantling race-based practices in medicine, we can work towards a more just and inclusive healthcare system that serves all patients regardless of their race or ethnicity. The health and well-being of individuals should be the primary focus of medical care, free from the constraints of outdated and harmful racial stereotypes. The same three digits from my sister’s test result sheet have sparked a controversy in the medical community surrounding the use of race adjustment in estimating kidney function. The digits that constitute the Black race adjustment in the MDRD equation, used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), have come under scrutiny for their potentially harmful effects on Black patients.

The origin of the race adjustment in the MDRD equation can be traced back to a small US study conducted in 1999, which found that self-identified African American participants had higher levels of creatinine in their blood compared to White participants. This led to the assumption that Black people have higher muscle mass, which formed the basis for the race adjustment in the equation. However, the study had a limited sample size, with only 197 African American participants out of 1,628 total, raising concerns about the validity of the findings.

Despite the limitations of the initial study, the race adjustment has persisted in subsequent eGFR equations, including the widely used CKD-EPI equation. This has raised questions about the reliance on faulty science in medical calculations and the potential harm it may cause to Black patients. Recent research has shown that race adjustments in eGFR equations can lead to overestimation of kidney function in Black patients, delaying the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease.

The consequences of race adjustment in eGFR calculations are evident in health disparities among Black patients, who are three times more likely to develop kidney failure compared to White patients. The use of race adjustment can result in missed diagnoses, delayed access to specialized care, and limited opportunities for organ transplants for Black patients. This can lead to worse health outcomes and higher mortality rates for Black individuals waiting for kidney transplants.

Efforts to address the issue of race adjustment in eGFR calculations have faced resistance from established medical organizations. The CDC has deferred to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, which recommend the use of race adjustment in eGFR calculations without providing a scientific rationale for the practice. This lack of transparency has frustrated advocates like Naomi Nkinsi, who have raised questions about the scientific basis for race adjustments in medical calculations.

Moving forward, there is a growing recognition of the need to reevaluate the use of race adjustments in medical equations and guidelines. Advocates like Nkinsi emphasize the importance of questioning established practices and challenging hierarchical structures in medicine to ensure equitable and evidence-based care for all patients. As the debate over race adjustment in eGFR calculations continues, it is essential to prioritize the health and well-being of all patients, regardless of race or ethnicity.

When asked about the race adjustment in the MDRD study, Nkinsi expressed her dissatisfaction with the status quo. “They were just kind of like, ‘Well, this is how we do things,'” she said. This prompted her to start digging deeper, leading her to uncover the troubling origin of the race adjustment in the study. “One study can change the trajectory of so much of what we do, because it’s further grandfathered in,” she sighed.

Nkinsi highlighted the need for the medical field to evolve and adapt to new information. She noted that while medicine is based on questioning and seeking new data, it often falls short due to its hierarchical structure. Nkinsi pointed out that the dominance of White men in leadership positions has created a culture where questioning superiors is discouraged. This perpetuates the cycle of outdated practices being passed down to medical students and young physicians without critical examination.

Fortunately, Nkinsi’s proactive approach led to positive change. In 2020, UW Medicine announced its decision to transition away from the use of race adjustment in eGFR calculations in response to Nkinsi’s advocacy. This move set a precedent for other medical institutions in the US to follow suit. Subsequently, the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology established a joint task force in 2021 to reassess the inclusion of race in GFR estimation.

Challenging the Status Quo

Building on Nkinsi’s efforts, a shift towards eliminating race adjustment in medical guidelines began to gain momentum globally. In June 2021, the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) was contacted regarding its guideline on calculating eGFR, which included a correction factor for individuals of African-Caribbean or African descent. Despite initial resistance, Nice acknowledged the need for updating its guidelines to address concerns raised about race-based adjustments.

Following the publication of a research study by Gama and Bramham highlighting the negative impacts of race adjustment on Black patients in the UK, Nice made the decision to remove race adjustment from its eGFR calculation recommendations. This move signified a significant step towards eliminating race-based medicine practices and promoting equity in healthcare.

Global Impact

Across the Atlantic, similar progress was seen in the US medical community. The National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology officially rejected the use of race adjustment in kidney function equations. Additionally, KDIGO updated its guidelines to align with this stance, marking a significant shift towards more inclusive and equitable healthcare practices.

Nkinsi emphasized the importance of not stopping at surface-level changes but delving deeper into addressing systemic issues that perpetuate disparities in healthcare. While the removal of race adjustment in medical guidelines is a positive step, ongoing efforts are needed to ensure comprehensive and equitable care for all patients.

As the medical field continues to evolve and adapt, stories like Nkinsi’s serve as a reminder of the power of questioning established norms and advocating for change. By challenging outdated practices and promoting inclusivity, individuals like Nkinsi are driving positive transformations in healthcare that benefit marginalized communities.

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